Theory of Distributive Justice in Islamic Perspective: A Conceptual Exploration

In economic discourse, the problem of distribution in society is considered as an extension of consumption and production. Distribution is about distributing the output of production, in the form of goods and services and also its factors of payment (interests, wages and profits) to the owner of the factors of production. The consumption of society will be efficiently distributed through market mechanism. The discussion, however, has been extended to include ‘what’ should be distributed and how ‘distributive justice’ can be achieved. Various theories have been proposed to answer that problem, such as strict egalitarian, the difference principles of John Rawls, resources-based principles, welfare-based principles ala utilitarianism, desert-based principles, and libertarian principles. The theories differ in the object of distribution, goals of distribution and the basis of a just distribution. The theories are developed based on certain philosophical vision of its proponents upon observing the ideal structure of society. Some differences with Islamic principles of distribution could be seen. Islamic economics develops its concept and framework of distribution based on the worldview and teaching of Islam. Islam aspires to establish a just and equitable society whereby individuals’ right over personal wealth is acknowledged, but public right to personal wealth is also guaranteed. Wealth concentration in certain hands in the society is not welcomed. Instead, wealth should be freely and justly circulated in the society at large. This paper aims at elaborating Islamic concepts and principles of distributive justice by exploring the principles from the teachings of Islam in the Qur’an. The paper also attempts to compare and contrast the conventional theories of distributive justice with Islamic framework of a just and equitable distribution.