Marine Waste Management Based on Smart Environment in ASEAN: A Comparative Analysis of the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia

The issue of marine debris in the ASEAN region is becoming increasingly urgent due to population growth, urbanization, and high plastic consumption. This research compares the implementation of marine waste management policies in ASEAN, particularly in three countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, using a Smart Environment approach. This research uses the systematic literature review method, examining national regulations. The research results show that although the three countries have supportive marine waste management policies, the implementation of these policies has not yet been fully effective. The main challenges include the lack of adequate infrastructure, low public awareness, and limited inter-sectoral cooperation. The application of technologies such as IoT and microplastic sensors can enhance the efficiency of marine waste management, but further collaboration between the government, the private sector, and the community is needed to achieve more integrated and sustainable results